The Conflict Between Evolutionary Psychology And...

In this chapter, the author highlights some of the superficial conflicts between evolutionary psychology and scientific scripture scholarship (or historical biblical criticism). As the author notes, â€Å"...evolutionary psychology is an attempt to explain important human traits and behaviors in terms of the evolutionary origin of the human species (131).† It attempts to contextualize all the things we humans think, feel, and create in the contexts of Darwinian evolution, and natural selection. But there are a great many things which cannot be explained in these evolutionary terms, in spite of the rising popularity of evolutionary psychology (133). After all, the survival of ones genes or progeny is not our sole concern when doing acts of good; it certainly wasn’t for Mother Theresa or Thomas Aquinas (135). And while our moral behaviors may be necessary for our survival, some such behaviors seem to be inconsequential to long or short term survivability. There is d isagreement within evolutionary psychology about whether religion is adaptive or maladaptive (136). But the author points out how other evolutionary psychologists think of religion as being everything from an evolutionary mistake/disease to being simply a means of helping the species cope with suffering, to being a means of exacting social control (137-140). =========================== Ultimately, the author contends that â€Å"merely finding or positing a source of religious belief...does nothing to discredit suchShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Functionalism and Structuralism14315 Words   |  58 PagesChapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have ï ¬ nished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Và ¶lkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrasting

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Leadership Theories and Styles System - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Theories and Styles System. Answer: Introduction In todays contemporary and intense competitive environment, it is necessary for any organisation that it concentrates on the leadership and management aspects to attain success. Augmentation in productivity and performance are major elements that measure the effectiveness of leadership and strategies related to it (Zumitzavan and Michie, 2015). In this study, exploration of leadership management and strategies of Uber has been done. Besides that, the implementation of change in leadership with a conceptual model for skill improvement has also been described in the research. Determination of impact of changed leadership strategy and conceptual model is being provided plus challenges will be addressed in the current position of the company (Zumitzavan and Michie, 2015). Similarly, new change model for the challenges and other recommendation to modify driving forces optimistically will be examined. From the context of previous leadership model study and implementation of new strategies, the company has improved in a better way. The collection of reviews has been done with local sources and various direct sources from the company (Amanchukwu et al., 2015). The reviews have shown positive signs in the management related to leadership skills for Uber. Uber co founder Travis Cordell Kalanick is a key person in Uber Company and basically is from United States (McCormick, 2017). Uber Company deals in driving cabs integrating the information technology in this area that application software that makes it very easy and convenient. Currently in 2017, company has recorded estimate US $6.3 Billion of profit (Tobak, 2017). However, there was some management issues in the company related to behaviour and ethical values in the recent times. The companys senior leaders are involved with the allegation of sexual harassment and Travis was involved with some behavioural convict with the drivers in the company. Data collection and Review of Previous Conceptual Framework With the previous version of conceptual framework, it has been reviewed that Traviss skills as a leader have been improved. The individual attributes that provide general and crystallized knowledge ability, motivation and personality are relate to time and will improve with the time and experience as Travis has good experience in the business, it is convenient and easy from him to grab these skills more effectively (Bhuiyan, 2017). In order to solve issues and problems with social judgement skills and knowledge, Travis have opportunities to make himself competent for a senior position and lastly the results related to leadership in the present scenario are positive. The performance of the leaders as well as result of the organisation with the team effects of employees is quite good in the market (Jerome, 2013). Apart from this, the company is still facing some of the image issue in the market which can be long last if corrective measures are not been taken. Second, the company also n eeds to change its entire leadership style so that the new change attracts the attention of stakeholders and compel them to insight the new transformation in the company. Along with this, the previous conceptual framework is based on the behavioural leadership theory which focuses on the skill improvement of leader considering all the internal and external elements in the process. This has also been analysed in the previous model that external environment challenges and work and personal experiences has a high impact on leadership more than personal traits. Personal traits also changes with the time and cognitive to training and experience. In the same regards, Ubers outcome is also in the affirmative way by application of this model (Bhuiyan, 2017). The leadership skills of the Uber Co founder have improves and in progress with the time and challenges faced by it. On the other hand, this model takes time to attain the apt results. In the present case the changes from the above step model is very little achieved as improvement. Moreover, the time of the conceptual model and theoretical implementation is very long hence its results can only been seen i n future after sometime. On the other hand, presently company is suffering from image damage in the market which is hampering its marketing and productivity. From the case, it has been clear that Travis is a transactional leader who directly deals with his team and individual workers. Furthermore, the delegation and organisation of work has also been done by Travis (Henman, 2000). He is responsible for the tasks and activities planning to meet the goals and objectives. The leader in transactional leadership always focuses on long term goals and achievements that implement sustainable strategies that can help the firm in the future. In terms of behaviour, Travis is claimed to be aggressive because of the video released in the media (Khan et al., 2016). Thus, the main problem in the leadership style of Travis is behaviour problem of leadership Change of Leadership Model Uber needs the Moral leadership style right now which is associated with the behavioural and trait theory of leadership in the company as a big change (Tobak, 2017). More, the approach focuses on the treating people on the basis of equality and respect. The challenges like ethical behavioural issues can be solved with this type of leadership style. In addition to this, it makes a positive impact in the image of company which can also be furthermore changed with the help of Public relationship management (Zumitzavan and Michie, 2015). These kinds of changes can transform and modify the public image of the company which is maligned due to sexual harassment cases and behavioural problem with the workers. Moral leadership will encourage the leader to change his vision to be more honest, true to others and persistent with better behaviour. It also stimulates caring environment and family like surrounding to the workers. It also makes organisational culture more strong and flexible based o n ethics and values. This leadership style cannot be influenced by the external environment. Along with this, Maslows need of hierarchy is advised as a conceptual model to integrate in the leadership practices (Jerome, 2013). It will help in fulfilling five needs of organisation, individual and management as well. Self actualisation, esteem, belonging and love need; and physiological is being fulfilled with safety concern in this model. Apart from that, it will concentrate on monetary as well as psychological and basic needs of an individual (Jerome, 2013). Self actualisation will influences creative thinking and resource management of an individual. On the other hand, esteem will satisfy the pride and respect that gives the feeling of accomplishment. Safety will give security of job and money, physiological need are basic needs of food, shelter and water (Jerome, 2013). Moreover, belongingness and love satisfy friendship and support of colleague and management and intimate relationship. Recommendation As a recommendation, to face the current challenges in a better way it is necessary to incorporate any style and theoretical model in an effective way (Neal and Sonsino, 2012). Along with this, some common suggestions should be considered while implementation of leadership style and model in the organisation. The leader should feel committed towards the employees needs and always eager to learn and teach (Singh and Useem, 2016). Additionally, it is also suggested that the management focuses on the reframing the future of the company and build a community to help the mass drivers and employers in this change. Conclusion In the above text, it can be inferred that reviews by research methodology concept, the implementation of leadership concept in the behavioural leadership framework and Mumfords skill development leadership has facilitated many improvements but still the company is facing challenges due to its long term execution and late outcome. For this purpose the company is being suggested with moral leadership in the strategic style of management so that more transparency and ethical values can be created in the organisation. Along with this, Maslows needs hierarchy theory should be applied as a conceptual framework to resolve all the issues of management and leadership. Lastly, recommendation to avoid the mistakes in implementation of new change model has also been conferred. References Amanchukwu, R. N., et al. 2015. A Review of Leadership Theories, Principles and Styles and Their Relevance to Educational Management. Management 5(1), pp. 6-14. Bhuiyan, J. 2017. Uber CEO Travis Kalanick admits he must fundamentally change as a leader and grow up. [Online] Available At:https://www.recode.net/2017/2/28/14772416/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-apology-driver[Accessed On: 10 May 2017]. Henman, L. D. 2000. Leadership: Theories and Controversies. [Online] Available At: https://www.henmanperformancegroup.com/articles/Leadership-Theories.pdf [Accessed On: 10 May 2017]. Jerome, N. 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance. International Journal of Business and Management Invention 2(3), pp. 39-45. Khan, Z. A., et al. 2016. Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management 16(1). McCormick, R. 2017. Uber CEO says he will seek leadership help after video shows him yelling at driver. https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/28/14772424/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-profound-apology-leadership-help [Accessed On: 10 May 2017]. Neal, A., and Sonsino, D. 2012. Developing a Leadership Strategy. American Society for Training and Development. Singh, H., and Useem, M. 2016. Strategic Leader's Roadmap: 6 Steps for Integrating Leadership and Strategy. Wharton Digital Press. Tobak, S. 2017. Uber CEO Travis Kalanick's Leadership Problem [Online] Available At:https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2017/03/02/uber-ceo-travis-kalanicks-leadership-problem.html [Accessed On: 10 May 2017]. Zumitzavan, V., and Michie, J. 2015. Personal Knowledge Management, Leadership Styles, and Organisational Performance. SpringerBriefs in Business.

Physical Geography Of Saskatchewan Essays - Canadian Prairies

Physical Geography of Saskatchewan Physical Geography of Saskatchewan Introduction Saskatchewan is situated in the central Prairie between Alberta on the west and Manitoba on the east. Its neighbour on the north is the North West Territories, and on the south it borders with the United States. Saskatchewan is rectangular in shape--it is the only Canadian province none of whose borders was determined by the landform feature like river or mountain range. The province is located in the Central Standard Time and doesn't switch on Daylight Saving Time in summer. The population of Saskatchewan is around one million people with the area of 651 900 km2. Physical and Natural Description Geologic History--Land Formation, Types of Rocks, and Minerals The northeastern part of Saskatchewan is a part of the Canadian Shield that was formed during Precambrian era and features some of the oldest rocks in the world. The border that separates the Canadian Shield from the rest of the province runs across Saskatchewan from south-east to north-west. This part of the province was formed during Precambrian era and contains igneous and metamorphic rocks. From the minerals found in that part of the Shield the most abundant and the most important for Saskatchewan is the metallic mineral uranium that can be used for building the nuclear reactors or exported to the other countries. The rest of the province, except for the extreme southwest which is occupied by the Hills, is situated on the Saskatchewan Plain which is a part of the Interior Plains that are, in turn, part of the Great Plains of North America. This part was formed under water when the mountains of the Canadian Shield eroded and deposited on the bottom of the shallow seas that it was surrounded by. The process was completed during the Mesozoic era. This part is relatively flat with gently rolling hills and occasional valleys. The most important minerals that are found in this area composed of soft and hard sedimentary rock are the non-metallic minerals like potash which is widely used as a fertilizer and some oil. Major Landform Features The major landform feature of the province is the escarpment created by erosion that separates Saskatchewan Plain from Alberta Plain and Manitoba Plain. Except for the Cypress Hills near the U.S. border, Saskatchewan lies on a plain. Its landscape is not absolutely flat--Saskatchewan is the province of gently rolling rounded hills. Climate Saskatchewan is a part of the two climatic regions: Prairie on the south and Boreal on the north. The climatic characteristics of both are somewhat similar, but there are certain differences. For example, being situated farther north the Boreal region has colder winters and cooler summers. Both regions receive little precipitation, but the Prairie region tends to be drier than Boreal. Saskatchewan climate is sharply continental. Since there is no mountain range on the north or on the south, the province is open to both cold Arctic air masses and warm air coming from the Gulf of Mexico. This results in long cold winters and hot summers. The annual temperature range in Saskatchewan, therefore, is one of the highest in Canada. There is very little precipitation in Saskatchewan because the air that is brought to the province from the Pacific coast is dry--it loses all its moisture before it crosses the mountain range in form of relief precipitation. The air that comes from the other directions is also dry. Thus, not only does Saskatchewan have little precipitation, it also receives more sunshine than any other province. The Saskatchewan town of Estevan--a "sunshine capital" of Canada --gets 2540 hours of sunshine per year. No description of Saskatchewan climate will be complete without mentioning of the blizzards--prairie storms with winds of ~11m/s that can last for six hours or more. It is most likely to occur in February, in southwestern Saskatchewan. Right after those storms the transportation and communication systems are disrupted, so the whole cities can be paralyzed for several days. Soil and Natural Vegetation. Vegetation Regions. Saskatchewan has three natural vegetation regions--the grassland, the parkland, and the boreal forest. Each one has different soil and different natural vegetation. The very south of Saskatchewan is occupied by the grassland--the driest area of the province and one of the driest in the country--where only grass can grow. The general trend is that the more precipitation the area receives the taller the grass that can grow in that area. The trees can only grow near the rivers so that they can get enough moisture. Another vegetation region of the province is the parkland that separates the grassland and the boreal forest. This area is covered with trees--deciduous trees grow in the southern part, while the coniferous trees occupy